Prime Ministers of India: A Historical Overview (1947-Present)

A chronological summary of India’s Prime Ministers, highlighting their key policies, reforms, and impact on the nation’s political and economic evolution.

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Prime Ministers of India: A Historical Overview (1947-Present)

Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964)

Jawaharlal Nehru served as India’s first Prime Minister from 1947 until his death in 1964, a pivotal period that laid the foundation for modern India. Here are some interesting facts about him during this time:

Architect of Modern India:

“Tryst with Destiny”: On August 14, 1947, on the eve of India’s independence, Nehru delivered his iconic “Tryst with Destiny” speech, a powerful address about India’s awakening to freedom and its future.
Democratic Foundations: He was deeply committed to parliamentary democracy, ensuring free and fair elections, civil liberties, and an independent judiciary were established in India. He nurtured India’s democratic traditions, making it the world’s largest democracy.
Secular Vision: Nehru was a staunch advocate of secularism, promoting equal rights for all religions and ensuring secular governance. He believed in a pluralistic India where people of all faiths could coexist peacefully.
Socialist Leanings with a Mixed Economy: He embraced a form of democratic socialism and implemented a “mixed economy” model. This involved significant state intervention and the establishment of a robust public sector in key industries (like steel, mining, energy, and transportation), alongside a private sector.
Five-Year Plans: He introduced the First Five-Year Plan in 1951, focusing on agriculture, irrigation, and industrialization, setting the stage for India’s economic growth.

Nation Builder and Modernizer:

“Temples of Modern India”: Nehru famously referred to large-scale development projects like dams (e.g., Bhakra Nangal Dam) and public sector industries as “temples of modern India,” emphasizing their role in the nation’s progress and self-reliance.
Pioneer of Science and Technology: He had a profound belief in the power of science and technology for national development. He spearheaded the establishment of numerous premier educational and research institutions, including the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). He also launched India’s first space program.
Social Reforms: He was instrumental in passing progressive social legislation, most notably the Hindu Code Bills, which granted Hindu women greater rights in matters of inheritance, property, marriage, and adoption, aiming for equality with men. He also worked to outlaw caste discrimination.

Foreign Policy Visionary:

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Nehru was a key architect and a leading figure in the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War. He championed the policy of non-alignment, allowing India to maintain its independence and autonomy by not aligning with either the American or Soviet blocs.
Panchsheel Principles: Along with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, he articulated the “Panchsheel” or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in 1954, which became a cornerstone of India’s foreign policy and aimed to promote peace and cooperation among nations.
Advocate for Decolonization: He was a vocal supporter of decolonization efforts worldwide, standing in solidarity with newly independent nations in Asia and Africa and actively condemning imperialism and apartheid.

Personal Glimpses:

“Chacha Nehru”: He was widely known and loved by children as “Chacha Nehru” (Uncle Nehru), and his birthday, November 14th, is celebrated as Children’s Day in India. He held a deep affection for the younger generation.
Prolific Writer: Despite his demanding role as Prime Minister, Nehru was a gifted writer. His significant works include “The Discovery of India” and “Glimpses of World History,” which showcase his vast knowledge and vision. He also wrote “Letters from a Father to His Daughter.”
Years in Jail: Prior to independence, he spent nearly nine years in jail for his activism against British rule, during which he wrote many of his famous books.
Kashmir Conflict and Sino-Indian War: He faced significant challenges in foreign policy, including the ongoing Kashmir conflict with Pakistan and the 1962 Sino-Indian War. The latter, in particular, was a major blow to him and deeply affected his health.

Gulzarilal Nanda (1964; interim)

Gulzarilal Nanda served as the interim Prime Minister of India twice, and his first tenure was in 1964 following the death of Jawaharlal Nehru. Here are some interesting facts about him during this period:

Brief but Crucial Tenure: His first term as interim Prime Minister lasted for just 13 days, from May 27, 1964, to June 9, 1964. Despite its brevity, this period was crucial for ensuring political stability in India after the sudden demise of its first and long-serving Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, especially given that India had recently fought the Sino-Indian War in 1962.

Home Minister at the Time: Nanda was serving as the Union Minister for Home Affairs when Nehru passed away, which is why he was chosen to step in as interim Prime Minister.

No Constitutional Provision for “Acting” PM: The Indian Constitution did not have a specific provision for an “acting” Prime Minister, yet Nanda fulfilled this vital role to allow the ruling Indian National Congress’s parliamentary party to elect a new prime minister.

Known for his Principles and Anti-Corruption Stance: Gulzarilal Nanda was widely regarded as a principled and honest leader. Even during his interim tenure and throughout his career, he was known for his strong anti-corruption stance. This was a consistent trait, even if it sometimes made him unpopular with certain political factions.

Background in Labour Issues: Prior to becoming interim Prime Minister, Nanda had a strong background as an economist specializing in labour issues. He played a significant role in forming the Indian National Trade Union Congress and had represented India at the International Labour Conference in Geneva. This focus on labor relations was a hallmark of his career.

Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–1966)

Lal Bahadur Shastri’s tenure as Prime Minister of India, from June 1964 to January 1966, was remarkably brief but impactful, marked by significant challenges and his understated yet resolute leadership. Here are some interesting facts about this period:

The “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan” Slogan: Faced with the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War and severe food shortages due to failed monsoons, Shastri coined the iconic slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan” (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer). This powerful phrase rallied the nation, emphasizing the importance of both defense personnel and agricultural workers for India’s self-reliance and security.
Leadership during the 1965 Indo-Pak War: Many initially underestimated Shastri due to his small stature and humble demeanor. However, he displayed immense courage and decisiveness during the 1965 war. When Pakistan launched an offensive in Kashmir, Shastri authorized the Indian Army to cross the international border and attack Pakistani territory, including Lahore and Sialkot. This bold move surprised Pakistan and proved his firm resolve.
The Tashkent Declaration and his Untimely Demise: The 1965 war ended with a ceasefire, and a peace agreement, the Tashkent Declaration, was signed on January 10, 1966, in Tashkent (then in the Soviet Union) between Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. Tragically, Shastri passed away in Tashkent just hours after signing the declaration, on January 11, 1966, under mysterious circumstances (officially attributed to a heart attack).
Laying the Groundwork for the Green and White Revolutions: Despite the wartime focus, Shastri understood the critical need for food security. His government laid the foundation for the Green Revolution, which later transformed India into a food-surplus nation by promoting high-yielding varieties of crops, improved irrigation, and modern farming techniques. He also supported the White Revolution, aimed at increasing milk production, leading to the creation of the National Dairy Development Board.
Austerity Measures and Personal Example: During the food crisis, Shastri appealed to citizens to voluntarily skip one meal a week to save food for the affected population. He himself led by example, fasting on Mondays. This act of personal sacrifice resonated deeply with the Indian public. He also stopped drawing his salary during this period.
Commitment to Anti-Corruption: Shastri was known for his impeccable integrity. During his short tenure, he acted firmly against corruption, instituting the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and taking prompt action on reports against prominent political figures.
Maintaining Non-Alignment while Strengthening Defense: While adhering to India’s non-aligned foreign policy, Shastri recognized the need to bolster India’s defense capabilities, especially after the 1962 Sino-Indian War. He increased the defense budget and focused on modernizing military infrastructure.
Simplicity and Humility: Throughout his life and premiership, Shastri was known for his simplicity, humility, and dedication to public service. He connected with the masses through his grounded approach. His personal integrity and commitment to the nation continue to be a source of inspiration.

Shastri’s 19-month prime ministership, though short, proved to be a period of defining leadership, where he steered India through significant challenges with quiet strength and a clear vision for self-reliance and national pride.

Gulzarilal Nanda (1966; interim)

Gulzarilal Nanda served as the interim Prime Minister of India twice, both for short 13-day tenures. His second interim term was in 1966, from January 11 to January 24, following the sudden death of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in Tashkent.

Here are some interesting facts about his 1966 interim prime ministership:

Brief but Crucial Period: His second stint as interim Prime Minister, though brief, came at a critical time for India. Lal Bahadur Shastri’s death occurred shortly after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and the nation needed a stable leadership during this transition.
Automatic Succession: As the then Home Minister, Gulzarilal Nanda was automatically sworn in as the interim Prime Minister. The Indian Constitution does not have a specific provision for an “acting” Prime Minister, but Nanda filled the void as the most senior minister available.
Facilitating Transition: His primary role during this period was to ensure a smooth transition of power until the ruling Indian National Congress’s parliamentary party could elect a new prime minister.
Uneventful Tenure (in terms of policy): Both of his interim terms (1964 and 1966) were largely uneventful in terms of major policy decisions, as his role was to maintain continuity rather than initiate new policies.
Predecessor and Successor: In his 1966 interim role, he succeeded Lal Bahadur Shastri and was succeeded by Indira Gandhi, who was then elected as the new Prime Minister by the Congress party.
Home Minister at the time: During both his interim prime ministerships, he was serving as the Union Minister for Home Affairs.

It’s worth noting that Gulzarilal Nanda was a distinguished politician and economist who specialized in labor issues. He was later awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1997.

Indira Gandhi (1966–1977)

Indira Gandhi’s first tenure as Prime Minister of India (1966-1977) was a transformative and often tumultuous period. Here are some interesting facts about her time in office:

From “Dumb Doll” to Iron Lady: When she first became Prime Minister after Lal Bahadur Shastri’s sudden death, she was initially underestimated by many, including some within her own party, who reportedly called her a “Goongi Goodiya” (dumb doll). However, she quickly proved to be a strong and decisive leader, earning the moniker “Iron Lady” from Henry Kissinger.
The Green Revolution: A pivotal achievement during her tenure was the successful implementation of the Green Revolution. This initiative, spearheaded by her government, involved the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds (especially for wheat and rice), improved irrigation, fertilizers, and modern agricultural techniques. It transformed India from a food-deficient nation to one of self-sufficiency in food grain production.
Nationalization Spree: Driven by her socialist ideals and a commitment to self-reliance and social justice, Indira Gandhi embarked on a significant nationalization drive. Key nationalizations included 14 major commercial banks in 1969, oil companies in 1973 (after foreign-owned private companies refused to supply fuel during the 1971 war), and the general insurance and coal industries in the early 1970s.
Abolition of Privy Purses: In 1971, she successfully abolished the privy purses, which were payments made to the royal families of the erstwhile princely states as part of their agreement to integrate with India. This move aimed to reduce economic inequality and was a significant symbolic step towards a more egalitarian society.
The “Garibi Hatao” Slogan: In the lead-up to the 1971 general elections, she famously coined the slogan “Garibi Hatao” (Remove Poverty), which resonated deeply with the masses. This anti-poverty campaign helped her secure a landslide victory, giving her a strong mandate for her social and economic reforms.
The 1971 Indo-Pak War and Bangladesh Liberation: One of her most significant foreign policy triumphs was her decisive leadership during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, which led to the creation of an independent Bangladesh. India’s military victory under her guidance solidified its position on the global stage.
India’s Nuclear Program: Under her leadership, India conducted its first nuclear test, “Smiling Buddha,” in 1974, marking its entry into the exclusive club of nuclear powers. This was framed as a “peaceful nuclear explosion” aimed at developing nuclear technology for civilian purposes.
The Emergency (1975-1977): This remains the most controversial period of her rule. Following a court ruling that found her guilty of electoral malpractices, and amid growing political unrest, she declared a state of emergency across the country in June 1975. During this 21-month period, civil liberties were suspended, political opponents were imprisoned, and the press was heavily censored. This authoritarian phase ultimately led to her significant electoral defeat in 1977.
First Female Prime Minister: Indira Gandhi holds the distinction of being India’s first and, to date, only female Prime Minister. Her rise to power was a significant milestone for women’s political representation globally.

These facts highlight the complex and impactful nature of Indira Gandhi’s time as Prime Minister, a period marked by both significant achievements and profound controversies that continue to be debated in Indian history.

Morarji Desai (1977–1979)

Morarji Desai’s tenure as Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979 was a brief but significant period, marking the first time a non-Congress government came to power. Here are some interesting facts about him during this time:

1. The First Non-Congress Prime Minister: Perhaps the most significant fact is that Morarji Desai became India’s first non-Congress Prime Minister after the Janata Party, a coalition of opposition parties, won a landslide victory in the 1977 general elections. This election was largely seen as a referendum against Indira Gandhi’s Emergency rule (1975-1977).

2. A Return to Democracy: Desai’s government was formed with the explicit aim of restoring democratic norms and civil liberties that had been curtailed during the Emergency. A key achievement was the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act (1978), which made it much harder for any future government to impose a national emergency by replacing “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” as a ground for its declaration. It also restored judicial review and the rights of the press and citizens.

3. Peace Activism and Foreign Policy: Despite his short tenure, Desai was known for his peace activism. He made efforts to initiate peace and normalize relations with both China and Pakistan. He became the highest-ranking Indian official to visit Beijing since the 1962 Sino-Indian War and established friendly communication with Pakistan’s military ruler, General Zia-ul-Haq. He later received Pakistan’s highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, in 1990.

4. Stance on Nuclear Weapons: Following India’s first nuclear test in 1974, major nuclear powers targeted India’s nuclear program. Desai maintained India’s position that its nuclear reactors “will never be used for atomic bombs.” He reaffirmed India’s commitment to not manufacturing nuclear weapons and refrained from conducting peaceful nuclear explosions. Notably, he refused to sign the non-nuclear proliferation treaty, despite pressure and the threat of stopping uranium supply from the US, viewing the American stance as contradictory given its own nuclear arsenal.

5. Controversial Reduction of R&AW: Desai held a strong view that the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India’s external intelligence agency, had become a “praetorian guard” under Indira Gandhi. Upon becoming Prime Minister, he drastically reduced R&AW’s budget and operations, closing down much of the agency, including its Information Division. It was also reported that he indiscreetly informed Pakistan’s Chief Martial Law Administrator General Zia ul-Haq about India’s awareness of Pakistan’s nuclear development.

6. Emphasis on Austerity and Rural Development: Desai, a staunch Gandhian, advocated for ethical governance, simplicity, and austerity. His government focused on economic reforms, promoting fiscal discipline, and keeping deficit financing low. He also launched the “Food for Work Programme” to address rural unemployment and promote rural development by providing payment in the form of food grains for work on infrastructure projects like roads and canals.

7. Personal Habits and “Morarji Cola”: Desai was known for his extremely disciplined and austere lifestyle. He was a strict vegetarian and a strong advocate for prohibition, initiating major steps toward it in 1978. Interestingly, he gained notoriety for publicly stating and believing in the health benefits of drinking his own urine, a practice that was jokingly referred to by the public as “Morarji Cola.” He even wrote a book on the subject titled “Nature’s Cure.”

8. Intra-party Factionalism and Collapse of Government: Despite its initial success, the Janata Party was a diverse coalition with significant ideological differences and personal rivalries among its leaders. This intra-party squabbling and continuous in-fighting severely hampered the government’s ability to function effectively and achieve its goals. Eventually, key leaders like Charan Singh and Raj Narain pulled out, leading to the collapse of Desai’s government and his resignation in July 1979.

Charan Singh (1979–1980)

Charan Singh’s tenure as Prime Minister of India (July 28, 1979 – January 14, 1980) was remarkably brief but filled with significant political drama. Here are some interesting facts about this period:

The “Farmer Prime Minister”: Charan Singh was widely known as a champion of farmers and the rural population. His policies and political ideology consistently focused on agrarian reforms, land distribution, and the welfare of peasants. His humble origins in a peasant family profoundly shaped his political outlook.
A Brief but Eventful Term: His time as Prime Minister lasted for just over five months. Despite the brevity, it was a crucial period in Indian politics marked by instability and shifting alliances.
Came to Power Amidst Turmoil: Charan Singh became Prime Minister after the collapse of the Janata Party government, led by Morarji Desai. Internal conflicts and ideological differences within the Janata Party, which was a coalition formed to oppose Indira Gandhi, led to Desai’s resignation.
Support from Indira Gandhi’s Congress (I): A surprising turn of events saw Charan Singh forming a government with external support from Indira Gandhi’s Congress (I) party. This was a tactical alliance, given their past political opposition.
Did Not Face Parliament as PM: Perhaps the most striking fact is that Charan Singh never faced Parliament as Prime Minister. Indira Gandhi withdrew her support even before he could prove his majority in the Lok Sabha.
The “No Deal” on Emergency Cases: The primary reason for Indira Gandhi withdrawing support was Charan Singh’s refusal to drop the cases against her and her son, Sanjay Gandhi, which had been initiated after the Emergency (1975-1977). Charan Singh maintained his integrity, refusing to be “blackmailed” into dropping the cases.
Caretaker Prime Minister: After his resignation, he continued as a caretaker Prime Minister until fresh elections were held in January 1980, which saw Indira Gandhi return to power.
Advocate for Land Reforms: Even during his short stint as PM, his underlying commitment to land reforms and rural development remained central. His long career before becoming PM was dedicated to these causes, including instrumental roles in drafting and implementing the Zamindari Abolition Act in Uttar Pradesh.
Economist and Author: Beyond politics, Charan Singh was a scholarly figure who authored several books and pamphlets on India’s political economy, with a strong focus on rural areas and agriculture. His works, such as ‘Abolition of Zamindari’ and ‘India’s Poverty and its Solution,’ reflect his deep understanding of agrarian issues.

His short premiership, though largely defined by the circumstances of its formation and dissolution, underscores his unwavering commitment to the farming community and his principled stand even in the face of political pressure.

Indira Gandhi (1980–1984)

Indira Gandhi’s final term as Prime Minister of India (1980-1984) was a period marked by significant challenges, bold policy decisions, and ultimately, her tragic assassination. Here are some interesting facts about this crucial period:

1. A Resounding Comeback: After a crushing defeat in 1977 following the Emergency, Indira Gandhi made a powerful political comeback, winning the 1980 general elections with a landslide victory. This demonstrated her enduring appeal to the Indian populace, particularly the rural and urban poor, who often referred to her as “Indira Amma” (Mother Indira).

2. Economic Stabilization and Pragmatism:

She inherited an economy grappling with inflation, unemployment, and a fiscal deficit. While continuing to profess socialist beliefs, her government implemented the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85) with a more pragmatic approach. This involved tightening public expenditures, improving the efficiency of state-owned enterprises, and cautiously stimulating the private sector through deregulation.

The focus remained on self-reliance in crucial sectors like food grains and defense, building on the success of the Green Revolution. In 1980, six more banks were nationalized, further consolidating government control over the banking sector to channel credit to agriculture and small/medium industries.

3. Setbacks and Personal Tragedy: In June 1980, a tragic plane crash claimed the life of her younger son, Sanjay Gandhi, who had become a significant political figure and her close confidante. This was a profound personal loss that deeply affected her. She subsequently had to persuade her elder son, Rajiv Gandhi, an airline pilot with no prior political experience, to enter politics.

4. The Escalation of the Punjab Crisis:

This period was dominated by the escalating Sikh separatist movement in Punjab. Led by figures like Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, the movement demanded an independent Sikh state called “Khalistan.” Violence increased significantly, with Bhindranwale and his followers fortifying themselves within the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, the holiest shrine in Sikhism.

Negotiations with Akali leaders failed to resolve the situation, as Bhindranwale insisted on demands that the government could not meet.

5. Operation Blue Star (June 1984):

Faced with increasing militancy and the deteriorating law and order situation, Indira Gandhi made the controversial decision to order a military operation to remove the militants from the Golden Temple. This operation, codenamed “Operation Blue Star,” was carried out between June 1 and 10, 1984.

It involved heavy use of military force, including tanks and artillery, resulting in significant damage to the Akal Takht (a revered building within the complex) and numerous casualties, including civilians and militants. Bhindranwale was killed during the operation.

The Aftermath: Operation Blue Star deeply wounded the sentiments of the Sikh community worldwide. It led to widespread anguish, protests, and a surge in anti-government sentiment among many Sikhs.

6. Assassination (October 1984):

The most tragic and significant event of this period was Indira Gandhi’s assassination on October 31, 1984. She was gunned down by two of her own Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, in an act of revenge for Operation Blue Star.

Her assassination triggered widespread anti-Sikh riots across Delhi and other parts of northern India, resulting in a horrific loss of life and further deepening the communal divide.

7. Foreign Policy and Non-Alignment:

Despite internal challenges, Indira Gandhi continued to play a prominent role on the global stage, upholding India’s non-aligned stance in the Cold War. While maintaining equidistance from both the US and the USSR, India had a strong strategic friendship with the Soviet Union, which provided military, financial, and diplomatic support.
In 1984, during her tenure, Operation Meghdoot was carried out, which led to India expanding its control in the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.

This period was a testament to Indira Gandhi’s strong resolve and her ability to navigate complex domestic and international challenges, even as it culminated in a deeply tragic end to her impactful political career.

Rajiv Gandhi (1984–1989)

Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure as Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989 was a dynamic period marked by both significant reforms and challenging controversies. Here are some interesting facts about him during this time:

The Youngest Prime Minister: Rajiv Gandhi became the youngest Prime Minister of India on October 31, 1984, at the age of 40, immediately after the tragic assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi. This made him one of the youngest elected heads of government in the world at that time.

Landslide Victory: Despite the somber circumstances of his ascension, he led the Indian National Congress to a historic landslide victory in the December 1984 Lok Sabha elections, securing a record 401 out of 508 seats. This remains the largest majority for any single party in Indian parliamentary history.

From Pilot to Politician: Before entering politics, Rajiv Gandhi was a commercial pilot with Indian Airlines for 14 years. He was initially reluctant to join politics, only doing so after the sudden death of his younger brother, Sanjay Gandhi, in a plane crash in 1980.

Vision for Modern India: He was often seen as a modern technocrat with a vision to propel India into the 21st century. He strongly advocated for technological advancements and is often credited with laying the groundwork for India’s telecommunications and information technology industries.

Pioneer of IT and Telecom Reforms: His government took significant steps to liberalize the economy, particularly in the technology sector. He reduced taxes on technology imports and encouraged foreign investment, which was crucial for the growth of India’s nascent IT and telecom sectors. He also established the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) in 1984.

Focus on Education: Rajiv Gandhi introduced the New Education Policy in 1986, which aimed to give a new direction to education in India. Under this policy, the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (residential schools for talented children in rural areas) were established. He also launched “Operation Blackboard” in 1987 to improve primary school facilities.

The Anti-Defection Law: One of his first significant actions as Prime Minister was the passing of the 52nd Constitutional Amendment (Anti-Defection Law) in January 1985. This law aimed to bring greater stability to the political system by preventing elected representatives from switching parties.

Peace Accords: He played a key role in signing several accords to address regional conflicts, including the Punjab Accord (1985) and the Assam Accord (1985), aiming to resolve long-standing issues and bring peace to these troubled states. He also signed the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord in 1987, leading to the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka.

Lowering the Voting Age: In a significant move to empower the youth, his government lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 years through a constitutional amendment, adding almost 50 million young voters to the electoral system.

Environmental Initiatives: He demonstrated a strong commitment to environmental protection. His government introduced the Environment (Protection) Bill, 1986, and reviewed the National Forest Policy of 1952, leading to a new Forest Policy in 1988 that emphasized sustainable utilization of resources. He also initiated efforts to clean the Ganga River.

International Diplomacy: Rajiv Gandhi pursued a proactive foreign policy. He was a vocal proponent of nuclear disarmament, signing the Delhi Declaration with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986. He also sought to improve relations with the United States and China, undertaking significant visits to both countries.

Challenges and Controversies: His tenure also faced controversies, including the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984), the Shah Bano Begum case and subsequent Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act (1986), and the Bofors scandal, which significantly impacted his government’s image and led to his party’s defeat in the 1989 elections.

V. P. Singh (1989–1990)

V. P. Singh’s tenure as Prime Minister of India from December 1989 to November 1990, though brief, was one of the most tumultuous and transformative periods in Indian political history. Here are some interesting facts:

The Mandal Commission’s Implementation (The “Mandal Moment”): This is arguably the most defining and controversial decision of his prime ministership. On August 7, 1990, Singh announced the implementation of the Mandal Commission’s recommendations, providing 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (OBCs) in central government jobs and public undertakings.
- Protests and Polarization: This decision led to massive, often violent, protests across North India, particularly by upper-corte youth who felt their job prospects were threatened. There were instances of self-immolations, significantly polarizing society along caste lines.
- A “Messiah of Backwards” vs. “Cynical Opportunist”: While hailed by some as a champion of social justice and a “Messiah of Backwards” for empowering the underprivileged, he was also accused by critics of being a “cynical opportunist” who used the Mandal report for political gain and exacerbated caste divisions.
Formation of the National Front Government: Singh became Prime Minister at the head of the National Front coalition government, which was formed after the 1989 elections. This coalition relied on external support from both the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Left Front, a fragile alliance that ultimately contributed to his government’s downfall.
The Anti-Corruption Image: V. P. Singh had a strong anti-corruption image. He rose to prominence by taking a stand against corruption during Rajiv Gandhi’s government, particularly concerning the Bofors scandal. His relentless anti-corruption campaign resonated with the public and was a significant factor in the Congress party’s defeat in 1989.
Kashmir Crisis and Rubaiya Sayeed Kidnapping: Singh faced his first major crisis just days after taking office when Kashmiri militants kidnapped Rubaiya Sayeed, the daughter of his Home Minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed. His government agreed to release five hardened terrorists in exchange for her, a decision that was widely criticized and is seen as a turning point in the history of Kashmir militancy.
The Ram Rath Yatra and BJP’s Withdrawal of Support: The rise of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement and L.K. Advani’s Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 further intensified communal tensions. Singh’s government’s decision to arrest L.K. Advani in Bihar during the Rath Yatra led to the BJP withdrawing its support from the National Front government, which ultimately caused Singh to lose a vote of confidence and resign in November 1990.
The SC-ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Before the Mandal implementation, Singh’s government also enacted the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, which aimed to prevent atrocities against members of SCs and STs and provide them with justice and dignity.
Recall of Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) from Sri Lanka: One of his early decisions as Prime Minister was to recall the IPKF from Sri Lanka, a move that had significant implications for India’s foreign policy.

V. P. Singh’s brief but impactful tenure fundamentally altered the landscape of Indian politics, particularly by bringing the issue of social justice and affirmative action for OBCs to the forefront of national discourse.

Chandra Shekhar (1990–1991)

Chandra Shekhar served as the Prime Minister of India for a relatively short but incredibly eventful period, from November 10, 1990, to June 21, 1991. Here are some interesting facts about his time in office:

A “Young Turk” as Prime Minister: Chandra Shekhar was known as a “Young Turk” in Indian politics due to his socialist leanings, fiery idealism, and willingness to challenge the establishment. It was quite a journey from being jailed during the Emergency (despite being a Congress member) to becoming Prime Minister.
Minority Government with Outside Support: His government was a minority government formed by a breakaway faction of the Janata Dal (Janata Dal-Socialist) and heavily relied on the outside support of the Indian National Congress, led by Rajiv Gandhi. This inherent instability ultimately led to his government’s short lifespan.
The First PM Without Prior Government Office: Interestingly, Chandra Shekhar was the first Indian Prime Minister who had never held any prior government office before assuming the top post.
The 1991 Economic Crisis and Gold Pledge: This was arguably the most defining and challenging aspect of his premiership. India was facing a severe balance of payments crisis, with foreign exchange reserves barely enough to cover a few weeks of imports. To avert a sovereign default, his government took the drastic and highly controversial step of pledging India’s gold reserves to international lenders (the Reserve Bank of India airlifted 47 tons of gold to the Bank of England and 20 tons to the Union Bank of Switzerland). This move, though necessary, caused significant public outcry and was done secretly, adding to the political turmoil.
Refueling of US Military Planes during the Gulf War: In a significant foreign policy move, Chandra Shekhar’s government granted permission for US military planes to refuel in Indian airports during the Gulf War. This decision, while improving India’s image with the West, was politically sensitive at home.
Simultaneously Held Key Portfolios: During his tenure, he also held the crucial portfolios of Minister of Defence and Minister of Home Affairs in addition to being Prime Minister.
Budget Failure and Resignation: His government ultimately fell when the Indian National Congress withdrew its support, ostensibly due to alleged police surveillance on Rajiv Gandhi. A major factor in the withdrawal of support was also his government’s inability to pass the Union Budget in early 1991, which further exacerbated the economic crisis and led to downgrades by international credit rating agencies.
Caretaker Prime Minister: After his resignation in March 1991, he continued to serve as a caretaker Prime Minister until the national legislative elections were held in May and June, and P.V. Narasimha Rao eventually succeeded him.

Chandra Shekhar’s brief stint as Prime Minister was a tumultuous period marked by a severe economic crisis and significant political instability, but he is credited with taking tough decisions that laid some groundwork for the economic reforms that followed.

P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–1996)

P. V. Narasimha Rao’s tenure as Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996 was a period of immense change and significance. Here are some interesting facts about him during this time:

The Architect of Economic Reforms: Rao is widely regarded as the “Father of Indian Economic Reforms.” He took office during a severe economic crisis with dwindling foreign exchange reserves and initiated radical reforms to liberalize the Indian economy. These included:
- Dismantling the “License Raj,” which was a system of extensive government regulations and licenses.
- Devaluing the Indian rupee (by 18-19%).
- Liberalizing foreign investment and reducing trade barriers.
- Privatizing public sector undertakings.
- These reforms transformed India from a protectionist, socialist economy to a market-oriented one, laying the foundation for sustained economic growth.
The “Silent Reformer”: Despite the monumental nature of his economic reforms, Rao was known for his quiet and deliberate approach. He often let his Finance Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, be the public face of the reforms, earning him the moniker “Chanakya of Indian politics” for his strategic and often understated style.
Unexpected Prime Minister: Rao was on the verge of political retirement when Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination in May 1991 led to his unexpected ascent to the Prime Minister’s office. He was the first person from outside the Nehru-Gandhi family to complete a full five-year term as Prime Minister.
First from South India: He was the first Prime Minister from a non-Hindi-speaking South Indian state (Andhra Pradesh, now Telangana) and the first from Southern India.
A True Polyglot and Scholar: Rao was an exceptional scholar and polyglot, fluent in at least 17 languages, including various Indian languages (Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Bengali, Gujarati, Sanskrit, Kannada, Urdu, Telugu) and foreign languages (German, French, Arabic, Persian, and Spanish). His intellectual depth earned him the reputation of a “scholar Prime Minister.” He also authored books and translated famous works.
Setting the Stage for Nuclear Tests: While the Pokhran-II nuclear tests happened under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998, it is widely believed that Rao had initiated the preparations for these tests during his tenure. There are accounts suggesting he had the “bomb ready” by May 1996 and even encouraged Vajpayee to “accomplish his unfinished task” regarding the nuclear program.
“Look East” Policy: Rao’s government formulated and launched India’s “Look East” policy, which aimed to revitalize strategic and commercial ties with Southeast Asian nations, especially ASEAN. This policy shift also helped position India as a regional counterweight to China.
Establishing Diplomatic Ties with Israel: In a significant foreign policy move, Rao’s government established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, overturning decades of estrangement.
Landmark Electoral Victory: After becoming Prime Minister without contesting the general elections, he participated in a by-election from Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh and won with a record margin of 5 lakh (500,000) votes, which was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.
Challenging Times: His tenure was not without significant challenges and controversies, including the demolition of the Babri Masjid in December 1992 and the subsequent communal riots, as well as corruption scandals like the stock market scam involving Harshad Mehta.

P.V. Narasimha Rao’s period as Prime Minister was truly transformative, marking a pivotal shift in India’s economic and foreign policy trajectory. He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 2024, acknowledging his immense contributions.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (May 1996 – June 1996)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s first stint as Prime Minister of India, from May 16 to June 1, 1996, was remarkably short-lived, lasting only 13 days. Despite its brevity, this period is remembered for several interesting facts and his characteristic statesmanship:

The Shortest Tenure (at the time): This was Vajpayee’s first time as Prime Minister, and it holds the record (along with two 13-day stints by Gulzarilal Nanda as acting PM) for the shortest tenure of a Prime Minister in India’s history.

Emergence as Single Largest Party: After the 1996 general elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged as the single largest party, leading President Shankar Dayal Sharma to invite Vajpayee to form the government. However, they lacked a clear majority.

The “Mic Drop” Speech: Facing a no-confidence motion that he knew his government would lose, Vajpayee delivered one of his most memorable and eloquent speeches in the Lok Sabha on May 27, 1996. Instead of facing the ignominy of a defeat in the trust vote, he announced his resignation.

Upholding Democratic Values: In his resignation speech, Vajpayee emphasized his commitment to democratic values, stating that he would not resort to unethical means or break up parties to cling to power. His famous lines from this speech, “Satta ka khel toh chalta rahega, sarkarein aayengi, jayengi, partian banengi, bigrengi, magar yeh desh rehna chahiye, yeh desh ka loktantra rehna chahiye” (The game of power will continue, governments will come and go, parties will be formed and broken, but this country must live on, its democracy must live on), are widely quoted and highlight his strong belief in the nation’s democratic fabric.

A Statesman-like Exit: His dignified exit, choosing to resign rather than attempt to cobble together a majority through dubious means, significantly enhanced his image as a statesman, earning him respect across the political spectrum.

The Preamble to Future Terms: While short, this 13-day period was his first taste of the Prime Minister’s office and a precursor to his later, more stable and impactful terms in 1998-1999 and 1999-2004, where he led the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government.

H. D. Deve Gowda (1996–1997)

H.D. Deve Gowda’s tenure as Prime Minister of India, from June 1, 1996, to April 21, 1997, was brief but marked by several interesting facts:

An “Accidental” Prime Minister: Deve Gowda’s rise to the top post was largely unexpected. After the 1996 general elections, no single party secured a clear majority. The Bharatiya Janata Party formed a short-lived government, but it couldn’t prove its majority. The United Front, a coalition of 13 regional and non-Congress, non-BJP parties, then decided to form a government. When other prominent leaders like V.P. Singh and Jyoti Basu declined the prime ministerial role, Deve Gowda, who was then the Chief Minister of Karnataka, was chosen to lead the coalition. This led to him being dubbed an “accidental prime minister” by some.

From Farmer to PM: He came from a humble, middle-class agrarian background in Karnataka. His journey from a farmer to the Chief Minister of a state and then the Prime Minister of the country was seen as a testament to India’s democratic spirit. He was known for his simple lifestyle.

Leader of the United Front: As Prime Minister, Deve Gowda led the United Front government. He also served as the Chairman of the Steering Committee of the United Front, which was the policy-making body for the coalition.

Held Multiple Key Portfolios: During his premiership, Deve Gowda held charge of several crucial ministries in addition to being Prime Minister, including Home Affairs, Petroleum and Chemicals, Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Atomic Energy, Agriculture, Food Processing Industries, Urban Affairs, Employment, and Non-Conventional Energy Sources. He was also Home Minister for a brief period.

Initiator of the Delhi Metro Project: A notable achievement credited to his tenure is providing financial closure and kickstarting the development of the Delhi Metro Project, a significant infrastructure initiative.

Short but Eventful Term: His premiership lasted less than a year. The Congress (I) Party, which was providing outside support to the United Front government, withdrew its support in April 1997, citing discontent over communication. This led to Deve Gowda losing a vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha and subsequently resigning.

Elected to Rajya Sabha During Premiership: Interestingly, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) in September 1996 while he was serving as Prime Minister, as he was not a member of the Lok Sabha at the time of his appointment as PM. He also served as Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha from November 1996 to April 1997.

Inder Kumar Gujral (1997–1998)

Inder Kumar Gujral served as the 12th Prime Minister of India for a relatively short period, from April 21, 1997, to March 19, 1998. Despite the brevity of his tenure, several interesting facts and significant events marked his time in office:

The Gujral Doctrine: This is arguably his most significant contribution and what he is most remembered for. The Gujral Doctrine, formulated while he was Minister of External Affairs (1996-1997) before becoming PM, laid out a five-point roadmap for India’s foreign policy, particularly towards its immediate neighbors. Its core principle was non-reciprocity, meaning India, as the larger power, would offer unilateral concessions and goodwill to its smaller neighbors (like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) without expecting immediate returns. The doctrine aimed to build trust, foster peaceful bilateral negotiations, and avoid interference in internal affairs. While praised for its visionary pacifism, it also faced criticism for potentially neglecting India’s security interests, particularly concerning Pakistan, and for allegedly weakening intelligence capabilities.

A Prime Minister from the Rajya Sabha: I.K. Gujral was only the second Prime Minister of India to govern exclusively from the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of India’s Parliament), after H.D. Deve Gowda. This is a rare occurrence as the Prime Minister is typically a member of the Lok Sabha.

A “Consensus Candidate”: Gujral became Prime Minister as a “consensus candidate” after the Indian National Congress (INC) withdrew support from the previous United Front government led by H.D. Deve Gowda. To avoid snap elections, a compromise was reached, and Gujral was chosen as the new leader of the United Front with external support from the Congress.

Short but Eventful Tenure: His term was cut short when the Congress party again withdrew its support in November 1997, largely due to differences arising from the Jain Commission report, which inquired into the conspiracy behind Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination and allegedly criticized the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a constituent of the United Front. Gujral resigned but remained in a caretaker capacity until a new government could be formed in March 1998.

Opposition to President’s Rule: In 1997, his government controversially recommended President’s Rule in Uttar Pradesh following unruly scenes in the state assembly. However, then-President K.R. Narayanan refused to sign the recommendation and sent it back for reconsideration, a significant act of presidential assertiveness. Gujral also opposed the government’s decision to impose President’s rule in Bihar.

Refusal to Sign CTBT: Despite international pressure, Gujral firmly refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) in October 1996 (as External Affairs Minister) and maintained this stance during his premiership.

Celebration of 50 Years of Independence: During his prime ministership, India celebrated its 50th anniversary of independence on August 15, 1997. Gujral, from the ramparts of Delhi’s Red Fort, reaffirmed India’s commitment to Gandhian non-violence and Nehruvian secularism.

Gujral’s time as Prime Minister, though brief, underscored his commitment to a foreign policy based on trust and good neighborly relations, even in a politically unstable domestic environment.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998–2004)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s tenure as Prime Minister of India from 1998 to 2004 was a period of significant events and policy shifts. Here are some interesting facts:

India’s Nuclear Power Emergence (Pokhran-II, 1998): Just weeks after assuming office in 1998, Vajpayee’s government conducted a series of five underground nuclear tests in Pokhran, Rajasthan, code-named “Operation Shakti.” This bold move declared India a full-fledged nuclear state, sending shockwaves globally and leading to international sanctions, but also asserting India’s strategic autonomy. Vajpayee, despite the backlash, emphasized India’s commitment to a no-first-use nuclear doctrine.
Kargil War (1999): In 1999, Pakistan-backed infiltrators crossed the Line of Control into Indian-administered Kashmir, leading to the Kargil War. Under Vajpayee’s decisive leadership, the Indian armed forces successfully repelled the intrusion. He also launched a diplomatic offensive that garnered international support for India and pressured Pakistan to retreat. This demonstrated his firm resolve in defending India’s territorial integrity.
Lahore Declaration (1999): Despite the escalating tensions with Pakistan, Vajpayee initiated peace talks with his Pakistani counterpart, Nawaz Sharif, leading to the signing of the Lahore Declaration in February 1999. This landmark agreement aimed at de-escalating nuclear risks and fostering friendly relations. However, the goodwill was short-lived due to the Kargil War.
Visionary Infrastructure Development (Golden Quadrilateral): Vajpayee spearheaded the ambitious “Golden Quadrilateral” project, launched in 1999. This massive network of national highways connected India’s four major metropolitan cities – Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata – significantly improving transportation, trade, and economic growth across the country. It was one of the largest infrastructure projects undertaken in India.
Focus on Education (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan): In 2001, Vajpayee’s government launched the “Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan” (SSA), a flagship program aimed at universalizing elementary education. This initiative made free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 years old a constitutional right and played a crucial role in reducing school dropouts and improving access to education, especially for underprivileged children.
Economic Reforms and Growth: Vajpayee’s tenure saw significant economic reforms, including privatization of public sector undertakings and a focus on fiscal discipline. India maintained a healthy GDP growth rate during this period, despite facing several challenges like an earthquake, cyclones, a severe drought, and the Kargil conflict.
First PM since Nehru to serve two successive terms: After his first 13-day stint in 1996 and a 13-month term from 1998-1999, Vajpayee became the first and only person since Jawaharlal Nehru to occupy the office of Prime Minister of India for three successive Lok Sabha terms (his third term being from 1999-2004).
A Poet and an Orator: Beyond politics, Vajpayee was a critically acclaimed poet and a renowned orator. His speeches were known for their eloquence, wit, and ability to connect with the masses.

These facts highlight Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s impactful and often challenging years as Prime Minister, where he navigated critical national security issues, initiated transformative economic and social reforms, and left a lasting legacy on India’s development trajectory.

Manmohan Singh (2004–2014)

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s tenure as Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014 was marked by significant economic growth, landmark social welfare programs, and a transformative shift in India’s global standing. Here are some interesting facts from his time as PM:

Economic Prowess & Global Recognition:

Highest Growth Rate: Under his leadership, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% in 2007, becoming the second fastest-growing major economy in the world. India’s economy grew at an average of 7.7% during his two terms.
Architect of Economic Reforms: While his major economic reforms began as Finance Minister in 1991, he continued to encourage growth and liberalization as Prime Minister, focusing on banking, financial sectors, and pro-industry policies.
Third Largest Economy: By 2014, India was catapulted from the tenth position to the world’s third-largest economy under his stewardship.
“Guru” to Obama: Former US President Barack Obama reportedly referred to Manmohan Singh as his “Guru” in their first meeting, acknowledging his profound economic insights.

Landmark Social & Governance Initiatives:

Rights-Based Revolution: His government enacted several historic legislations, creating a “rights-based revolution” in Indian politics. These include:
- Right to Information Act (RTI) (2005): Empowered citizens to access government information, promoting transparency and accountability.
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) (2005): Guaranteed 100 days of wage employment to every rural household, significantly impacting rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation.
- Right to Education Act (RTE) (2009): Made education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14 years.
- National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) (2005): Mobilized half a million community health workers and aimed at improving rural healthcare.
- National Food Security Act (2013): Ensured subsidized food for two-thirds of India’s population.
Aadhaar: His government established the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) in 2009, responsible for implementing the Aadhaar program, aiming to increase national security and facilitate e-governance.

Foreign Policy Achievements:

India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008): This was a watershed moment, ending India’s nuclear isolation and granting it access to civilian nuclear technology without signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Singh considered this his “best moment” as Prime Minister.
Global Player: He played an instrumental role in the formation of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and actively participated in G20 summits, elevating India’s standing as a major global player.
Strengthening Ties: He cultivated strong relationships with major powers like the US, Japan (with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe considering him a mentor), Russia, and European nations, expanding cooperation in various sectors including defense and trade.

Personal & Political Quirks:

First Sikh Prime Minister: Manmohan Singh was the first and, to date, only Sikh to hold the office of Prime Minister of India.
Soft-Spoken but Resolute: Despite his humble and soft-spoken demeanor, he demonstrated a “steely resolve” on crucial policy matters, as evidenced by his determination to push through the nuclear deal despite significant political opposition.
Academic Background: He had an illustrious academic career, earning degrees from Panjab University, Cambridge University (First Class Honours in Economics), and a D. Phil in Economics from Oxford University.
Never Won a Lok Sabha Election: Singh primarily served as a Member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) and was nominated to the Rajya Sabha for his terms as Prime Minister.
“History Will Be Kinder”: Towards the end of his second term, amidst criticism, he famously remarked, “I honestly believe history will be kinder to me than the contemporary media or for that matter, the opposition parties in parliament.”

These facts highlight the multifaceted impact of Manmohan Singh’s leadership during a crucial decade in India’s development.

Narendra Modi (2014-Present)

Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India on May 26, 2014, and has been serving since. His tenure has been marked by several significant initiatives and events. Here are some interesting facts and key highlights from 2014 to the present:

Political & Electoral Milestones:

First PM Born After Independence: Narendra Modi is the first Prime Minister of India to be born after the country gained independence in 1947.
Record Wins: He led the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to absolute majorities in both the 2014 and 2019 parliamentary elections, a feat last achieved by a political party in 1984.
Third Consecutive Term: In 2024, he secured a third consecutive term as Prime Minister, a rare achievement for an Indian leader.
Longest-Serving Head of Government (CM + PM): Combining his tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001-2014) and Prime Minister, he holds the record for the longest continuous spell as head of government among all Indian Prime Ministers.
Second-Longest Consecutive Stint as PM: As of July 25, 2025, he surpassed Indira Gandhi’s record for the second-longest uninterrupted tenure as Prime Minister, reaching 4,078 days in office.

Key Initiatives and Policies:

Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission): Launched on October 2, 2014, this mass movement aimed at achieving cleanliness and open defecation-free status across the nation. Sanitation coverage significantly increased from 38% in 2014 to 100% in 2019.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Launched in August 2014, this financial inclusion scheme aimed to provide bank accounts, debit cards, and other financial services to every Indian household. Over 51 crore Jan Dhan accounts have been opened.
Ayushman Bharat: Considered among the most prestigious health journals, The Lancet has lauded this scheme for prioritizing universal health coverage.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): Over 4.2 crore houses were sanctioned between 2014 and 2024 to address housing needs. After assuming office for the third term, an additional 3 crore rural and urban households were approved for housing construction.
Make in India: An initiative launched to transform India into a global manufacturing hub, contributing to an improvement in India’s ‘Ease of Doing Business’ ranking from 142 in 2014 to 63 in 2019.
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Launched in 2016, this scheme provided free cooking gas connections to over 10 crore beneficiaries from underprivileged families, primarily women, leading to a significant increase in LPG consumption.
Repealing Obsolete Laws: In his first three years as Prime Minister, Modi’s government repealed 1,200 obsolete laws dating back to British rule, a much higher number than previous governments over a longer period.
Goods and Services Tax (GST): Implemented in 2017, this unified India’s fragmented indirect tax system into “One Nation, One Tax,” simplifying compliance and boosting revenue collection.
Abolition of Article 370: In August 2019, his government abrogated Article 370, which had granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
Triple Talaq: The practice of instant divorce in Islam (Triple Talaq) was declared unconstitutional by India’s Supreme Court in 2017.

Unique Aspects & Other Facts:

“Mann ki Baat”: He started a monthly radio program titled “Mann ki Baat” on October 3, 2014, to directly address the nation.
Techno-Savvy Leader: Known as India’s most techno-savvy leader, he maintains a strong online presence and actively uses social media platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn.
Emphasis on Culture and History: During his tenure, special attention has been paid to India’s rich history and culture, including the construction of the Statue of Unity, the world’s largest statue, a tribute to Sardar Patel.
Global Recognition and Awards: He has received various international honors, including the highest civilian honors from Saudi Arabia (Sash of King Abdulaziz), Russia (The Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First), UAE (Order of Zayed Award), and the prestigious Seoul Peace Prize in 2018. He also received the United Nations ‘Champions of the Earth Award’ for his efforts in environmental conservation.
Foreign Policy Initiatives: He has undertaken significant foreign policy initiatives, being the first Indian Prime Minister to embark on bilateral visits to Nepal after 17 years, Australia after 28 years, Fiji after 31 years, and UAE and Seychelles after 34 years. He began his first term by inviting SAARC leaders and his second by inviting BIMSTEC leaders.

These facts highlight the diverse and impactful nature of Narendra Modi’s prime ministership since 2014.

Ayansh Prasad

Ayansh Prasad creates student-focused content on entrance exams, admit cards, results, and education systems of Schools, Colleges and Top Global University Rankings 2025. Follow him on LinkedIn and X(Twitter).

July 26, 2025

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